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WTO 争端解决程序介绍 (1) ─诉讼前的咨商
WTO 争端解决程序介绍 (1) ─诉讼前的咨商
众律国际法律事务所 黄文政
2014.11.21

一、 前言

WTO争端解决程序的目的,在于谋求快速解决会员间的贸易争端,以保障会员在WTO协议下享有的权利 ,并确保整个WTO全球多边贸易体系的安定性与可预测性 。

WTO争端解决程序的特征之一,在于偏好在当事人双方会员间透过双边协商以求彼此可接受的方案藉此解决纷争,而非直接诉诸正式诉讼程序 。因此在整个WTO争端解决程序设计上,咨商必先于正式审判程序,惟咨商结果仍需符合WTO实体规范 ,并通知WTO组织中负责管理贸易争端的「争端解决机构」(Dispute Settlement Body, DSB)。


二、 诉讼前的「咨商」(Consultation)

(一) 咨商的重要性

「上诉机构」(the Appellate Body, WTO争端解决机制中最高法律审)在「墨西哥玉米糖浆案」 中指出,当事国可藉由咨商可交换信息,藉以评估双方在案件中主张之优劣,进一步可以达成合意解决纷争,避免走向诉讼。退一步,可以限缩彼此未来诉讼上争执的范围。

(二) 开启咨商
原告国可依GATT第22条或第23条开启咨商,惟咨商请求必须与之后进入正式审判程序的第一审诉讼请求保持「同一性」。「上诉机构」(the Appellate Body)在「美国高地棉案」 中指出,未于咨商请求中列出的被告国「受控措施」或「违反的WTO协议法条」,不能之后增列于正式审判程序的第一审诉讼请求中,从而不纳入第一审争端解决小组的审判范围。

(三) 咨商的具体步骤

首先,被告国在收到咨商请求后,十日内不回应或于三十日内不进入咨商程序,请求咨商国得直接请求第 一审争端解决小组成立,进入第一审程序。

咨商采不公开原则 。

咨商不应有碍于当事国在后续程序中应享有之权利。「争端解决小组」(Panel)因此于「美国内衣案」 中指出,咨商期间提供的证据,包括咨商期间对某些争议事实的承认或自认,对其后的第一审程序没有法律效力,亦即当事国仍然可以继续争执该事实,不受其先前承认所拘束。

只有基于GATT第22条之咨商请求,当事国以外的第三国才可以加入咨商 。

第一审争端解决小组只需要确定咨商是否举行或请求,无须判断也无权判断咨商之进行是否足够。如被告国「适时」(视诉讼进行时程)提出未经咨商或无咨商请求之程序抗辩时,第一审争端解决小组应作出其无权审查之结论。

(四) 咨商的结果

其一、咨商如有成果,应通知「争端解决机构」(Dispute Settlement Body, DSB),非当事国的第三国会员国有权评论咨商成果。

其二、咨商后六十日内无成果,原则上原告国可以请求成立第一审争端解决小组。

其三、如果咨商涉及之被告国为开发中国家时,当事国可以请求延长六十日期限,「争端解决机构」(Dispute Settlement Body, DSB)主席应在咨商当事国后,决定是否延长与可延长之期限 。

其四、即便进入第一审争端解决小组程序,当事国双方仍可进行咨商。如双方达成咨商合意,第一审争端解决小组不应作出判决,仅在报告中简述争端事实并公布即可 。



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[1] DSU 3.3 provides that, the ‘prompt settlement’ of situations in which a Member considers that any benefits accruing to it directly or indirectly under the covered agreements are being impaired by measures taken by another Member is essential to the ‘effective functioning’ of the WTO and ‘the maintenance of a proper balance between the rights and obligations of Members’.

[2] DSU 3.2 stipulates that, the dispute settlement of the WTO is a central element in providing ‘security and predictability’ to the multilateral trading system.

[3] See Peter Van den Bossche and Werner Zdouc, The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organuization-Text, Cases and Materials, Cambridge 2013, pp. 183-184.

[4] DSU 3.7 provides that, the aim of the dispute settlement mechanism is to secure a positive solution to a dispute. A solution ‘mutually acceptable’ to the parties to a dispute and ‘consistent with the covered agreements’ is clearly to be ‘preferred’.

[5] See Appellate Body Report, Mexico-Corn Syrup (21.5-US) (2001).

[6] See Appellate Body Report, US-Upland Cotton (2005).

[7] See DSU 4.6.

[8] See Panel Report, US-Underwear (1997).

[9] See DSU 4.11.

[10] DSU 12.10 provides that, in the context of consultations involving a measure taken by a developing country Member, the parties may agree to extend the periods established in paragraphs 7 and 8 of Article 4. If, after the relevant period has elapsed, the consulting parties cannot agree that consultations have concluded, the Chairman of the DSB shall decide, after consultation with the parties, whether to extend the relevant period and, if so, for how long.

[11] DSU 12.7 stipulates that, where a settlement of the matter among the parties to the dispute has been found, the report of the panel shall be confined to a brief description of the case and to reporting that a solution has been reached.
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